Interventional radiology (IR) is sub-speciality of radiology that combines advanced imaging techniques with minimally invasive procedures to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions. IR utilizes real-time imaging modalities such as fluoroscopy, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to precisely guide instruments through the body. Here the procedures are carried out through a pin-hole (<3mm) incision by specialists who are trained in performing interventional procedures. The primary goal of IR is to offer minimally invasive alternatives to traditional open surgery, thereby reducing risk, pain, recovery time, and overall healthcare costs. Procedures are typically performed under local anesthesia or conscious sedation, allowing for faster recovery and fewer complications. Many IR treatments can be done on an outpatient basis, which significantly improves patient convenience and safety.

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These procedures can range from simple procedures like FNAC, biopsies and drainage procedures to complex vascular interventions including stroke management, intracranial aneurysm embolisation / flow diverters, cancer treatment (tumor ablation and embolisation), treatment for gastrointestinal bleeding, abnormal uterine bleeding, hemoptysis and occlusive / stenotic arterial diseases (blood vessel narrowing / occlusion).

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Over the past few decades, IR has emerged as one of the most innovative and rapidly growing fields in medicine. With continued advancements in imaging technology, catheter design, and therapeutic materials, the scope of IR is expanding into areas once dominated by traditional surgery. Additionally, the integration of robotic systems and artificial intelligence is beginning to reshape procedural planning and precision.